Families can currently qualify for Working Tax Credit if one parent works at least 16 hours a week.
About 212,000 families could be hit from April when the threshold is raised to 24 hours per week, the official data highlighted by Labour shows.
The Treasury said new measures to help working families were being introduced.
Couples can apply for the credit as long as they make a joint claim. However the money will be paid to the person who works part-time.
There is a basic amount available for each application, and then additional elements depending on whether you have applied as a couple or as a lone parent.
Treasury Minister Chloe Smith said the policy was part of "what we have to do as a country to get out of the enormous deficit mess left by Labour".
She told BBC News the policy was not unfair because it "levels two parent households with what lone parents have to do", adding that Labour would have to decide whether or not they agree with that.
Figures obtained by Labour's Treasury spokeswoman Cathy Jamieson show 212,000 households - with a total of 470,000 children between them - could lose the £3,870-a-year credit because of the change.
The region with the most households likely to be affected is said to be London (46,205), followed by the North West (26,845), West Midlands (22,675) and Yorkshire and the Humber (20,225).
BBC political correspondent Naomi Grimley reports that shadow ministers are suggesting it might be difficult for parents to increase the amount of time they work as many companies were cutting employees' hours because of the tough economic climate.
'Nothing fair'
Shadow chief secretary to the Treasury Rachel Reeves told the BBC it had taken Labour some time to go through the figures and talk to people who would be affected by the changes.
She said: "So many families have no idea this is coming.
"It's something now that's gaining traction as people realise what impact these government policies will have on them.
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"Start Quote This is the wrong policy at the wrong time for thousands of families"
Rachel Reeves Shadow chief secretary to the Treasury
"In normal circumstances you might think these people will be able to take extra hours on but we know, at the moment, businesses and the public sector aren't taking on workers or giving extra hours' work either."
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